Rabbit polyclonal antibody to 14~3~3 θ/τ (phospho~S232)

The 14~3~3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient~sensing pathways. 14~3~3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms, β, γ, ε, σ, ζ, τ, and η that have been identified in mammals. The initially described α and δ isoforms are confirmed to be phosphorylated forms of β and ζ, respectively. Through their amino~terminal α helical region, 14~3~3 proteins form homo~ or heterodimers that interact with a wide variety of proteins: transcription factors, metabolic enzymes, cytoskeletal proteins, kinases, phosphatases, and other signaling molecules. The interaction of 14~3~3 proteins with their targets is primarily through a phospho~Ser/Thr motif. However, binding to divergent phospho~Ser/Thr motifs, as well as phosphorylation independent interactions has been observed. 14~3~3 binding masks specific sequences of the target protein, and therefore, modulates target protein localization, phosphorylation state, stability, and molecular interactions. 14~3~3 proteins may also induce target protein conformational changes that modify target protein function. Distinct temporal and spatial expression patterns of 14~3~3 isoforms have been observed in development and in acute response to extracellular signals and drugs, suggesting that 14~3~3 isoforms may perform different functions despite their sequence similarities. Several studies suggest that 14~3~3 isoforms are differentially regulated in cancer and neurological syndromes.